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What Is a Humeral Shaft Fracture? The humerus  is the long bone of the upper arm. It has three main parts: The upper part , which forms the shoulder joint The shaft , which is the long and narrow middle section The lower part , which connects to the forearm bones at the elbow A humeral shaft fracture  means the bone has broken in its middle section . How Does a Humeral Shaft Fracture Happen? This type of fracture usually occurs due to strong force applied directly to the arm

What Is a Colles’ Fracture? A Colles’ fracture  is the most common fracture of the distal radius , the forearm bone close to the wrist. In this type of fracture: The broken end of the radius shifts towards the back of the wrist This creates a characteristic wrist deformity, often visible from the side How Does a Colles’ Fracture Happen? The most common causes include: Falling onto an outstretched hand Sports injuries Road traffic accidents Falls from height This injury is esp

What Is a Barton Fracture? A Barton fracture  is a specific type of distal radius fracture  (a fracture of the forearm bone near the wrist). In this injury: A fragment of the joint surface of the radius  breaks off The fracture extends into the wrist joint It can occur on the palm side (volar)  or the back side (dorsal)  of the wrist Because the fracture goes through the joint, it is considered an intra-articular fracture , which makes it more complex than a simple wrist frac

What Is the Sinus Tarsi? The sinus tarsi  is a small tunnel-like space located on the outer front side of the ankle , between the ankle bone ( talus ) and the heel bone ( calcaneus ). You can usually feel this area by sliding your fingers slightly forward from the outer ankle bone . Inside the sinus tarsi are important structures that help control ankle stability, including: Key ankle ligaments Joint capsule tissue Fat tissue that absorbs stress Small blood vessels Sensory ne

What Is the Biceps Muscle? The biceps muscle  is a large muscle at the front of the upper arm. It has two parts (heads) : Long head  – attaches inside the shoulder joint Short head  – attaches to the front of the shoulder blade Both heads join together near the elbow and attach to the forearm bone, with an additional connective tissue sheet that helps stabilise the tendon. Together, the two heads: Bend the shoulder Bend the elbow Rotate the forearm outward (palm up) Because t

What Is Pronator Syndrome? Pronator syndrome  occurs when the median nerve  becomes compressed in the forearm , most commonly by the pronator teres muscle . The median nerve starts in the neck, travels through the shoulder and upper arm, passes the elbow, and continues into the hand—supplying sensation and movement to the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger. As it passes through the forearm, the nerve runs: Under the biceps tendon Between the two parts of the pr

What Is the Anterior Interosseous Nerve? The median nerve  is one of the main nerves of the arm. It starts in the neck, travels through the shoulder and upper arm, passes the elbow, and continues into the hand. The anterior interosseous nerve (AIN)  is a motor (movement) branch  of the median nerve. It separates near the elbow and controls muscles responsible for: Bending the thumb Bending the index and middle fingers Rotating the forearm inward (pronation) Unlike many other

What Is Forearm Compartment Syndrome? Forearm compartment syndrome is a condition where pressure builds up inside the fascial compartments of the forearm . Fascia  is a strong but flexible tissue that: Surrounds muscles Connects muscles to bones and skin Allows muscles, nerves, and blood vessels to move freely Thanks to healthy fascia: You can move your fingers independently from your wrist Blood and nerve signals reach muscles regardless of arm position Forces are efficientl

What Is the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis? The tibiofibular syndesmosis  is a strong connection between the two lower-leg bones: Tibia  (shin bone) Fibula  (outer lower-leg bone) It is formed mainly by two ligaments (front and back) that hold these bones together just above the ankle.This connection creates a stable socket  for the ankle bone (talus). Although the syndesmosis is very stiff, it still allows small movements , which are essential for normal walking and running. Why I

What Is the Triceps Muscle? The triceps brachii , commonly called the triceps , is the large muscle on the back of the upper arm. It consists of three heads : The lateral head The medial head The long head , which attaches to the shoulder blade The lateral and medial heads straighten (extend) the elbow, while the long head also helps with: Shoulder extension Shoulder adduction All three heads join into one strong tendon that attaches to the olecranon  — the bony tip of the el

What Is the Biceps Muscle? The biceps muscle  is located at the front of the upper arm. It has two parts (heads)  and is responsible mainly for: Bending the elbow Rotating the forearm  (turning the palm up) Assisting with lifting and stabilising the shoulder The biceps also helps stabilise the shoulder joint , especially during lifting and pulling movements. In over 90% of cases , the injury affects the long head of the biceps near the shoulder . Less commonly, the tear happe

What Is the Medial Calcaneal Nerve? The medial calcaneal nerve  is a small sensory nerve that branches from the tibial nerve . It passes behind the inner ankle, under a thick band of tissue (the flexor retinaculum), and supplies sensation to the inner heel and the sole of the foot . Because of its location, this nerve is vulnerable to compression, especially around the inner ankle. Why Does the Medial Calcaneal Nerve Get Trapped? The most common cause of medial calcaneal nerv

The posterior tibial muscle  is a deep muscle located on the back of the lower leg. It turns into a tendon in the lower third of the calf and runs behind the inner ankle bone , continuing to attach to the navicular bone  on the inside of the foot. This muscle and tendon are essential for: Turning the foot inward Supporting and lifting the arch of the foot Controlling foot stability during walking, running, and standing When the posterior tibial tendon is not working properly,

What Is the Brachialis Muscle? The brachialis muscle  is a deep muscle located in the front of the upper arm. It connects the upper arm bone (humerus) to the forearm bone (ulna). Its main job is to bend the elbow , no matter how your forearm is rotated (palm up or down). Because this muscle sits under the biceps , many people are not even aware it exists—until it becomes painful. Another important role of the brachialis muscle is to protect the elbow joint capsule , preventin

Anatomy The calf muscle  (called the triceps surae ) is the large muscle on the back of the lower leg . It has two main parts: the gastrocnemius muscle , which attaches above the knee to the thigh bone (femur), and the soleus muscle , which attaches lower down to the fibula (the smaller bone of the lower leg). Both muscles join together to form the Achilles tendon , which attaches to the heel bone . This tendon also connects with a structure under the foot called the plantar

Anatomy – Understanding the Ankle The ankle (often called the “ankle joint”) is made of two main joints: Upper ankle joint  – allows your foot to move up and down . Lower ankle joint  – allows your foot to move side to side . Together, they make your ankle move freely in all directions. The upper joint is formed by the shinbone (tibia)  and outer leg bone (fibula) , which create a “fork” that holds the ankle bone (talus) . This fork can slightly adjust its shape to allow smoo

What it is This condition means that the tendon of the long head of your biceps (the upper arm muscle) is irritated or inflamed. The problem can be caused by an injury or by repeated overuse — small strain after strain over time. Usually, this issue isn’t serious, but because it can stop you from doing sports or daily activities, it’s important to treat it properly. Anatomy (How it’s built) The biceps muscle has two parts: The long head  (which has a longer tendon) The short